所謂桿件，是指縱向（長(zhǎng)度方向）尺寸比橫向（垂直于長(zhǎng)度方向）尺寸要大得多的構(gòu)件。
房屋中的梁、柱等構(gòu)件一般都被抽象為桿件。
桿件的形狀和尺寸可由桿的橫截面和軸線兩個(gè)主要幾何元素來(lái)描述。橫截面是指與桿長(zhǎng)方向垂直的截面，而軸線是各橫截面中心的連線。橫截面與桿軸線是互相垂直的。
軸線為直線、橫截面相同的桿稱為等截面直桿。建筑力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)主要研究等截面直桿。橫截面的大小沿軸線變化的桿件則稱為變截面桿。
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